Fundamental Animal Microgenetics Practice Exam

Ribosomes play a crucial role in protein synthesis, specifically in the translation process. They are the molecular machines that read the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and synthesize proteins by linking together amino acids in the order specified by the mRNA. This process involves the ribosome facilitating the interaction between the mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA), which brings the appropriate amino acids to build the protein.

The accuracy of this process is vital for the correct synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions. Therefore, the primary function of ribosomes is indeed to facilitate the translation of mRNA into proteins, making them essential components in the central dogma of molecular biology.

In contrast, functions such as replicating DNA, transcribing RNA from DNA sequences, or packaging proteins for export do not occur in ribosomes. These actions are carried out by other cellular components: DNA replication involves enzymes like DNA polymerase, transcription is performed by RNA polymerase, and protein packaging is primarily handled by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.