The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes is known as which of the following?

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is referred to as crossing over. This process occurs during prophase I of meiosis when homologous chromosomes align closely and form structures known as chiasmata. At these points, segments of DNA are exchanged between the chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This genetic recombination is a critical mechanism that increases genetic diversity in gametes, contributing to the variation seen in offspring.

In contrast, independent assortment refers to the random distribution of different homologous chromosome pairs to gametes during meiosis, while segregation specifically describes the separation of alleles during gamete formation. Translocation, on the other hand, involves the transfer of a segment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome, which is distinct from the genetic exchange seen in crossing over. Thus, crossing over is the precise term that describes the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.