What is horizontal gene transfer?

Horizontal gene transfer is indeed the transfer of genetic material between organisms without the process of reproduction. This transfer can occur between different species, which distinguishes it from vertical gene transfer, where genetic material is passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.

Horizontal gene transfer plays a crucial role in the evolution of many organisms, particularly in bacteria, as it allows for the sharing of beneficial traits, such as antibiotic resistance or metabolic capabilities. This process can occur through various mechanisms, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Understanding this concept is essential as it highlights the dynamic nature of genetic variation in populations and how traits can spread rapidly through a community, impacting evolution and adaptation significantly.