Which process allows for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

The process that enables the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is known as genetic recombination or crossing over. This occurs during prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes align closely together in a process called synapsis. This close association allows for sections of DNA to be exchanged between the paired chromosomes. The points at which this exchange occurs are called chiasmata. As a result, each gamete produced has a unique combination of genetic materials, increasing genetic diversity in the offspring.

This process is crucial for sexual reproduction, as it contributes to the variation that is essential for evolution and adaptation. In contrast, translation and transcription are processes involved in gene expression, while mutation refers to changes in DNA sequences, which can lead to genetic diversity but do not specifically describe the exchange of genetic material during meiosis. Thus, genetic recombination or crossing over is the correct answer, as it directly relates to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes in the context of meiosis.