Why are SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) significant in genetics?

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, are a key focus in genetics because they contribute significantly to the genetic diversity of populations and serve important roles in various genetic studies, particularly genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

SNPs are variations at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals and can influence how organisms develop diseases, respond to pathogens, or how they react to medications. Their widespread occurrence—often found in both coding and non-coding regions of the genome—provides a useful marker for genetic mapping and association studies. GWAS leverage these markers to identify genetic variants associated with traits and diseases, making SNPs invaluable for understanding complex diseases and traits at a population level.

Additionally, SNPs can lead to variations in gene function and regulation, affecting phenotypes and contributing to a deeper understanding of heritability. The option highlighting their role in genome-wide association studies underscores their importance in contemporary genetic research and their practical application in fields such as personalized medicine and agriculture.